ನವೀಕರಿಸಬಹುದಾದ ಇಂಧನಕ್ಕೆ ಬದಲಾವಣೆ

1. Renewable Energy Sources
2. Renewable Electricity Projects
3. Policies & Initiatives to Promote RE
4. Renewable Energy In Electricity Act 2003, National Electricity Policy 2005 And National Tariff Policy
5. Institutions To Promote RE

Renewable Energy (RE) uses inexhaustible and natural resources, such as the sun, wind, plants and water, to generate sustainable and clean energy. The environmental and economic benefits of RE include:

• Energy generation without greenhouse gas emissions and reduction of air pollution.
• Energy diversification reducing dependency on imported fuels.
• Economic development and jobs in manufacturing, installation and more.

Renewable Energy Sources

Solar Energy uses the power of sunlight for generating electricity to heat and light buildings, for hot water, cooling and a variety of other commercial and industrial uses.

Wind Energy uses the energy in wind for electricity generation, battery charging, pumping water and grinding grain. Many turbines are built close together to form a wind farm to provide utility-scale grid power generation.

Biomass Energy uses organic matter such as plants, residue from agriculture and forestry and organic components of municipal and industrial waste to produce power. For example, wood has been used to provide heat for thousands of years.

Hydro Power uses capture of flowing water to produce electricity. Large and small-scale hydropower production technologies are available.

Geo-Thermal Energy uses the heat from the earth as the source for energy. Geothermal energy sources range from shallow ground to hot water and hot rock found a few miles beneath the earth’s surface.

Ocean Energy produces two types of energy: Thermal Energy from the sun's heat and Mechanical Energy from the tides and waves.  Oceans cover more than 70% of the earth’s surface, making them the world's largest solar collectors. The sun's heat warms the surface water more than the water in the deep and this temperature difference creates thermal energy.

Renewable Electricity Projects

(i) Small Scale

These RE systems or devices are located where the power is used (e.g.)roof-tops of buildings.  Small-scale RE technologies are localised and decentralised (i.e. provide electricity or cooling / heating to meet local needs such as an apartment, industrial plant, recreation centre or local community). Small-scale RE generation systems are either (1) embedded (i.e. physically connected) into an electricity grid, (2)connected to district heating and/or cooling network or (3) used as a stand-alone off-grid system.

a. Roof Top Solar

Roof Top Solar electricity systems use photovoltaic panels, installed on rooftops of buildings, to convert sunlight into electricity.

b. Small-scale Wind Turbines

‘Small Wind Turbine’ refers to a size that would suit the needs of a domestic dwelling or a small business. These are less than 100KW and are most commonly in the range 1-10KW.

c. Domestic Solar Water Heaters

Domestic Solar Water Heating systems are commonly used for providing hot water in residential homes. The solar hot water systems have roof-mounted solar collectors (or panels) that absorb sunlight to heat the water, and a water storage tank.These systems may also have a gas or electric booster to heat the water when necessary on cloudy days.

d. Heat Pumps

Heat pump technology will take the heat out of your house (where you don’t want it) or elsewhere, and will transfer it into the water.And, as the excess heat in your house or in the atmosphere is heated by the sun, this is indeed a form of solar hot water.

e. Commercial Industrial Solar Water Heaters

Another promising use for solar thermal systems is for commercial and small industrial applications (e.g.) hospitals, laundries, schools, multifamily houses

f. Solar Cooling Systems   

Solar Cooling Systems refer to air conditioning systems that use solar power. This can be done through passive solar, solar thermal energy conversion and photovoltaic conversion (sunlight to electricity)

(ii) Large Scale

RE systems can be set up that feed into the electricity grid. Grid-interactive renewable power projects based on wind power, biomass and solar (above 1 MW) and small hydro (below 25 MW) are mainly private investment driven, with tariff policy regimes established by State Electricity Regulatory Commissions (SERC).

(iii) Medium Scale

      Community Based - Decentralized Distributed Generation (DDG)

DDG comprises small, modular, decentralized off-grid RE systems located in or near the place where energy is used. It is ideal for villages that are located in off-grid areas or are not connected to the electricity grid due to distance/terrain. However these stand-alone systems are suitable due to advantages for local employment, recycling of local waste and local control over infrastructure and usage of energy.

DDG systems can be from single source (e.g. a central wind or solar) or multiple (hybrid) sources (e.g.a combination of wind and solar). DDG provide an alternative to or an enhancement of the traditional electric power system. It is electric Power generating Units connected to the network on the consumer side. It involves low T&D loss.

Policies and Incentives to Promote RE

(i) Renewable Portfolio Standards (RPS)

Indian states have been giving RPS in order to promote RE. Under the RPS, The RPS mechanism generally places a) obligation on electricity supply companies to produce a specified fraction of their electricity from renewable energy sources and b) distribution companies to purchase from RE sources. For this purpose, State Electricity Regulatory Commissions are encouraging the development of renewable energy by obligating electric utilities to pay pre–established above-market rates for RE power fed onto the grid. These tariffs, which may vary depending on the type of resource used, provide renewable generators with a set stream of income from their projects. 

(ii) Renewable Energy Certificates (RECs)

The shift to RE is also promoted through RE Certificates. These are given for the technology and environmental attributes of electricity generated from renewable sources and are distinct from the power generated. These attributes are unbundled from the physical electricity and REC is issued for the former. In effect, there are two products available to be sold or traded – the RE Certificate and the power generated. One REC represents that 1MWh of energy is generated from renewable sources. Those interested in trading or investment do not need to use RE power to own RE Certificates.

(iii) Net Metering

The net metering system encourages on-site generation of RE power through roof top systems (e.g. solar photovoltaic panels or windmills) that can also feed into the grid. Generators will receive compensation for the quantity put into to the grid. Net metering system ensures that generators’ electric meters track the quantity of electricity used on site and the quantity that is fed into the grid. When generation is insufficient to meet on site needs, electricity from the grid may be used.

(iv) Open Access

Open access allows large users of power — typically having connected load of 1 megawatt (Mw) and above — to buy cheaper power from the open market or from renewable energy sources. The Electricity Act, 2003 allows open access to the transmission and distribution (T&D) networks of the licensees with the payment of a surcharge and payment by open access consumers for using the lines (wheeling charge) to compensate them for the loss of revenue. The idea is that the customers should be able to choose among a large number of competing power companies–instead of being forced to buy electricity from their existing electric utility monopoly. It helps large consumers particularly the sick textile, cement and steel industrial units by ensuring regular supply of electricity at competitive rates and boost business of power bourses.

(v) Subsidies

Financial incentives, such as grants, loans, rebates, and tax concessions, to encourage RE development, is given by the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy, through and state governments.

(vi) Generation Based Incentive (GBI)

Government of India has introduced and incentivised additional generation of electricity from grid-connected wind and solar power projects through Generation Based Incentive. Under the scheme, in addition to payments for feed-in tariffs - for the quantity of power put into the grid- financial incentives are given to generators of wind and solar electricity. Under the scheme, a GBI will be provided to wind electricity producers @ Rs. 0.50 per unit of electricity fed into the grid for a period not less than 4 years and a maximum of 10 years with a cap of Rs. 100 lakhs per MW.

(vii) Accelerated Depreciation

Accelerated depreciation refers to any one of several methods by which a company, for 'financial accounting' or tax purposes, depreciates a fixed asset in such a way that the amount of depreciation taken each year is higher during the earlier years of an asset’s life. For financial accounting purposes, accelerated depreciation is expected to be much more productive during its early years, so that depreciation expense will more accurately represent how much of an asset’s usefulness is being used up each year. For tax purposes, accelerated depreciation provides a way of deferring corporate income taxes by reducing taxable income in current years, in exchange for increased taxable income in future years. This is a valuable tax incentive that encourages businesses to purchase new assets.

In the case of solar power generation, in order to incentivize the entrepreneurs to enter into the solar power generation market, the Government of India has allowed claiming 80% depreciation in year one of the commissioning of the solar power generation plant.

Renewable Energy in Electricity Act 2003, National Electricity Policy 2005 and National Tariff Policy

Institutions To Promote RE